Menstrual Period: Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)

PMS stands for Premenstrual Syndrome; “pre” means “before” and “menstrual” refers to the menstrual cycle or periods. Not all individuals will get PMS. Most people with PMS have symptoms during the week before their period that lessen or disappear within 1-2 days after their period starts. Symptoms can usually be treated with lifestyle changes such as exercise, relaxation therapy, and over-the-counter medicine. If these aren’t effective, prescription medicines are sometimes prescribed.

PMDD stands for Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder and is a more serious form of PMS.

• It happens when a person has five or more symptoms (such as mood swings, feeling sad, angry, or anxious; tiredness; trouble sleeping; or body symptoms like bloating or breast tenderness).
• At least one of the symptoms has to be a mood symptom (like mood swings, irritability, feeling depressed, or feeling very anxious).
• The symptoms show up in the week before your period, usually go away once your period starts, and don’t happen the rest of the month.
• PMDD makes it hard to go to school, work, or do normal activities with friends and family.
• Doctors only make the diagnosis if the pattern is there for at least two periods in a row, and it’s not caused by another health condition.

How do I know if I have PMS symptoms?

PMS symptoms usually occur 5-7 days before a girl/woman’s menstrual period. There are a total of 150 known symptoms of PMS. The most common symptoms include: mood swings, breast soreness, bloating, acne, cravings for certain foods, increased hunger and thirst, and fatigue. Other symptoms may include constipation or diarrhea, irritability, and feeling sad.. If you have any of these symptoms and they happen during the week before your period starts and go away when your period arrives or a few days later, you may have PMS. If feelings like sadness or “feeling down” last longer than the week before your period, they may not be related to PMS. In this situation, it’s particularly important to ask your primary care provider if you should talk to a counselor or therapist.

Since there are so many possible symptoms of PMS, it’s a good idea to keep track of them. Remember to note if the symptoms are mild, moderate, or severe. Use a period and symptom tracker for 2-3 months and then bring it to your next medical appointment. A record of your symptoms can help your health care provider figure out the best treatment choices for you.

My Monthly Period & Symptom Tracker

My Monthly Period & Symptom Tracker is an easy way to keep track of your menstrual flow, and it’s also a way to keep track of cramps, and/or PMS and period symptoms (if you have them) each month. There are many ways you can track your periods and the associated symptoms, including apps available for iPhone and Android users – talk to your HCP to determine what method will best work for you.

• Review the sample Monthly Period & Symptom Tracker.
• Print out or download copies of My Monthly Period & Symptom Tracker.
• Put a check mark in the appropriate box (or boxes) for each day of the month. If you don’t have any flow or any symptoms on any given day, leave the box empty. Refer to the Blood Flow Key at the bottom for “Flow” definitions.
• The dates at the top are the same as the dates in one month. Each month has 30 or 31 days (except for February which has 28 or 29 depending unless it is a leap year).
• Remember to bring My Monthly Period & Symptom Tracker with you to your medical appointments.

Sample Monthly Period and Symptom Tracker

My Monthly Period and Symptom Tracker

What causes PMS?

Scientists are still trying to figure out what causes PMS. We know that during the second half of the menstrual cycle, progesterone (female hormone) levels increase. Then, just before the period comes, progesterone and estrogen (another female hormone) levels drop. It is believed that changes in hormone levels result in PMS symptoms. Other factors may have an effect on PMS symptoms; for example, you may notice that your symptoms are better if you get plenty of sleep and exercise regularly. Although PMS can be frustrating, there are things you can do that may help relieve your symptoms.

Are there any tests to check for PMS?

There are no specific tests, such as a blood test. to diagnose PMS. The diagnosis is based on specific symptoms. Your health care provider (HCP) will likely ask you a lot of questions. Some questions will be about your period and when you have symptoms, how long they last, etc. and if your symptoms get better or disappear when your period starts. Your HCP will also ask about what medicines you take, including any over-the-counter medicine, vitamins, and dietary supplements. They may order tests to make sure your symptoms are not caused by another condition, such as a problem with your thyroid gland. Also, your HCP may ask you if you have ever been treated for a mood or anxiety disorder, substance abuse, headaches, chronic fatigue, or other medical conditions that can sometimes get worse a few days before a menstrual period.

Is there anything I can do to treat my PMS symptoms?

Nutrition and lifestyle changes are a first step. The following suggestions are healthy recommendations for everyone and are particularly helpful for young women with PMS symptoms, according to research.

Nutrition Changes:

• Eat whole grains that are high in fiber (such as whole grain breads, whole wheat pasta, and high fiber cereals instead of white bread, white pasta, and sugary cereals). Whole grains help to keep blood sugar levels more stable compared to refined grains such as white bread, which could keep cravings under control and prevent mood changes associated with PMS.
• Cut back on sugar and fat. Even though your body may be craving sweets or fast foods that are high in fat, try to limit these foods since they may add to your PMS symptoms such as bloating.
• Limit foods high in salt (sodium) for the few days before your period. For example, avoid: canned soups, Chinese food, hotdogs, chips, and pizza which are very high in sodium. Cutting down on sodium may help to control bloating by lowering the amount of fluid your body retains.
• Keep hydrated. Drink plenty of water to reduce bloating and help with digestion.
• Cut back on caffeine. Reducing the amount of caffeine you eat and drink (soda, coffee drinks, and chocolate) may help you feel less tense and may also ease irritability and breast soreness.
• Try eating up to 6 small meals a day instead of 3 large ones and include a balance of foods and nutrients (lean protein, whole grain carbohydrates, fruits/veggies, and healthy fats such as olive oil or avocado) at each small meal. This will help keep your blood sugar levels even, which will give you energy that lasts.
• Don’t forget calcium! Research studies have shown that getting 1300 mg of calcium per day may help with PMS symptoms such as mood swings, headaches, and irritability. This means you should eat or drink three to four servings of high calcium foods (such as milk, Calcium fortified OJ, or soy milk) each day or take calcium supplements.

Lifestyle Changes:

• Fit in exercise. Do aerobic exercise (such as running, dancing, or jump roping) for 30-60 minutes a day, 4 to 6 times a week.
• Catch your ZZZ’s. If you’re a teen, you need about 9 hours of sleep each night.
• Try to maintain a regular schedule. This includes meals, exercise, and bedtime.
• Keep stress to a minimum. If possible, try to schedule events that you think could be stressful during the week after your period.
• Avoid alcohol. Drinking alcohol before your period can make you feel more depressed.

Are there medications that might help?

If your symptoms don’t improve with a few nutrition and lifestyle changes, talk with your health care provider (HCP). They may be able to prescribe medicine that will help lessen or get rid of your discomfort. There are many different medicines that are currently used to treat PMS symptoms. The most commonly prescribed are oral contraceptives (birth control pills) which prevent ovulation and may help minimize hormonal fluctuations. Most pills can improve symptoms. Sometimes symptoms can improve even more if the pill is taken continuously to suppress periods (one active pill every day and no placebo pills). Other medications such as ibuprofen or naproxen sodium can help to relieve lower back discomfort and headaches. If depression is a significant issue, your health care provider may suggest antidepressants either for the 7 days before your period or daily.

Are there vitamins or minerals that will improve my symptoms?

Although more research studies are needed, there are certain vitamins and minerals that may help PMS symptoms. Several research studies show that calcium may decrease many of the symptoms associated with PMS. Make sure that you are getting the recommended 1300 mg/day from calcium-rich foods or drinks or from supplements. Other supplements that could help with PMS symptoms are magnesium (400 mg/day), vitamin B6 (100 mg/day), and vitamin E (400 IU/day), but more research is needed. Check with your health care provider about whether you should try them and how much you should take, because taking high doses of supplements can have unpleasant or dangerous side effects. For example, high doses of magnesium may cause diarrhea in some people.

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Our health guides are developed through a systematic, rigorous process to ensure accuracy, reliability, and trustworthiness. Written and reviewed by experienced healthcare clinicians from Boston Children's Hospital, a Harvard Medical School teaching hospital and consistently ranked as a top hospital by Newsweek and U.S. News & World Report, these guides combine clinical expertise, specialized knowledge, and evidence-based medicine. We also incorporate research and best practices from authoritative sources such as the CDC, NIH, PubMed, top medical journals, and UpToDate.com. Clinical specialists and subject matter experts review and edit each guide, reinforcing our commitment to high-quality, factual, scientifically accurate health information for young people.